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3.08 Cell, EMF and Internal Resistance

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CBSE 12 Physics

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01 Electric Charges and Fields
  • 01.01 Electric Charge
  • 01.02 Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators
  • 01.03 Basic Properties of Electric Charge
  • 01.04 Electrostatic Induction
  • 01.05 Coulomb’s Law
  • 01.06 Force Between Multiple Charges
  • 01.07 Electric Field
  • 01.08 Electric field due to a system of charges
  • 01.09 Electric Field Lines and Physical Significance of Electric Field
  • 01.10 Electric Flux
  • 01.11 Electric Dipole, Electric Field of Dipole
  • 01.12 Dipole in Uniform External Field
  • 01.13 Continuous charge distribution: Surface, linear and volume charge densities and their electric fields
  • 01.14 Gauss Law
  • 01.15 Field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
  • 01.16 Field Due to Uniformly Charged infinite Plane Sheet
  • 01.17 Electric Field Due to Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell
03 Current Electricity
  • 3.01 Electric Current
  • 3.02 Ohm’s Law
  • 3.03 Drift of Electrons and Mobility
  • 3.04 Limitation of Ohm’s law, Resistivity
  • 3.05 Temperature dependence of Resistivity
  • 3.06 Ohmic Losses, Electrical Energy and Power
  • 3.07 Combination of Resistors
  • 3.08 Cell, EMF and Internal Resistance
  • 3.09 Cells in series and in parallel
  • 3.10 Kirchhoff’s Law
  • 3.11 Wheatstone Bridge
  • 3.12 Meter Bridge
  • 3.13 Potentiometer
04 Moving Charges and Magnetism
  • 4.01 Concept of Magnetic Field
  • 4.02 Magnetic Force on Current Carrying Conductor
  • 4.03 Motion of a Charge in Magnetic Field
  • 4.04 Velocity Selector
  • 4.05 Cyclotron
  • 4.06 Biot Savart's Law
  • 4.07 Magnetic Field on the Axis of Circular Current Carrying Loop
  • 4.08 Ampere’s Circuital Law
  • 4.09 Proof and Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law
  • 4.10 The Solenoid
  • 4.11 Toroid
  • 4.12 Force Between Two Parallel Current Carrying Conductor
  • 4.13 Torque on a rectangular current loop with its plane aligned with Magnetic Field
  • 4.14 Torque on a rectangular current loop with its plane at some angle with Magnetic Field
  • 4.15 Circular Current Loop as Magnetic Dipole
  • 4.16 The Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron
  • 4.17 The Moving Coil Galvanometer
  • 4.18 Conversion of Galvanometer to Ammeter and Voltmeter
05 Magnetism and Matter
  • 5.01 Magnetic Phenomenon and Bar Magnets
  • 5.02 Bar Magnet and Magnetic Field Lines
  • 5.03 Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
  • 5.04 Magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field
  • 5.05 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
  • 5.06 The Earth’s Magnetism
  • 5.07 Magnetic Declination and Inclination
  • 5.08 Magnetization and Magnetic Intensity
  • 5.09 Magnetic Susceptibility and Magnetic Permeability
  • 5.10 Magnetic Properties of Materials - Diamagnetism
  • 5.11 Magnetic Properties of Materials - Paramagnetism
  • 5.12 Ferromagnetism
  • 5.13 Hysteresis
  • 5.14 Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets
06 Electromagnetic Induction
  • 6.01 Experiments of Faraday and Henry
  • 6.02 Magnetic Flux And Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic induction
  • 6.03 Lenz Law and Conservation of Energy
  • 6.04 Motional Electromotive Force
  • 6.05 Motional EMF and Energy Consideration
  • 6.06 Eddy Currents
  • 6.07 Applications of Eddy Currents
  • 6.08 Mutual Inductance
  • 6.09 Self-Inductance
  • 6.10 Energy Stored in an Inductor
  • 6.11 AC Generator
07 Alternating Current
  • 7.01 AC Current - Introduction
  • 7.02 AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
  • 7.03 Power in Resistive Circuit
  • 7.04 Representation of AC current and Voltages: Phasor Diagram
  • 7.05 AC Voltage applied to an Inductor
  • 7.06 Power in Inductive Circuit
  • 7.07 AC Voltage applied to a Capacitor
  • 7.08 Power in Capacitive Circuit
  • 7.09 AC Voltage applied to Series LCR Circuit: Phasor Diagram Solution
  • 7.10 AC Voltage applied to Series LCR Circuit: Analytical Solution
  • 7.11 Resonance in AC Circuit
  • 7.12 Sharpness of Resonance and Q Factor
  • 7.13 Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor
  • 7.14 LC Oscillator - Derivation of Current
  • 7.15 LC Oscillator - Explanation of Phenomena
  • 7.16 Analogous Study of Mechanical Oscillations with LC Oscillations
  • 7.17 Construction and Working Principle of Transformers
  • 7.18 Step Up, Step Down Transformers, and Limitations of Practical Transformer
08 Electromagnetic Waves
  • 8.01 Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves
  • 8.02 Displacement Current
  • 8.03 Continuity of Current
  • 8.04 Maxwell's Equations and Lorentz Force
  • 8.05 Sources of Electromagnetic Waves
  • 8.06 Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
  • 8.07 Electromagnetic Spectrum: Radio Waves, Microwaves
  • 8.08 Electromagnetic Spectrum: Infrared Waves and Visible Light
  • 8.09 Electromagnetic Spectrum: Ultraviolet Rays, X-rays and ƴ-rays
02 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
  • 2.01 Electrostatic Potential Energy
  • 2.02 Electrostatic Potential
  • 2.03 Potential due to Point Charge
  • 2.04 Potential due to an Electric Dipole
  • 2.05 Potential due to System of Charges
  • 2.06 Equipotential Surfaces
  • 2.07 Relation between Electric field and Electric potential
  • 2.08 Expression for Electric Potential Energy of System of Charges
  • 2.09 Potential Energy in External Field
  • 2.10 Potential energy of a dipole in an external field
  • 2.11 Electrostatics of Conductors
  • 2.12 Dielectrics and Polarization
  • 2.13 Capacitors and Capacitance
  • 2.14 The Parallel Plate Capacitor
  • 2.15 Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance
  • 2.16 Series and Parallel Combination of Capacitors
  • 2.17 Energy Stored in Capacitor
  • 2.18 Van de Graaff Generator
09 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
  • 9.01 Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors: Introduction, Laws and Sign Convention
  • 9.02 Focal Length of Spherical Mirrors
  • 9.03 The Mirror Equation
  • 9.04 Refraction of Light
  • 9.05 Total Internal Reflection
  • 9.06 Applications of Total Internal Reflection: Mirage, sparkling of diamond and prism
  • 9.07 Applications of Total Internal Reflection: Optical fibres
  • 9.08 Refraction at Spherical Surface
  • 9.09 Refraction by Lens: Lens-maker’s formula
  • 9.10 Lens formula, Image Formation in Lens
  • 9.11 Linear Magnification and Power of Lens
  • 9.12 Combination of thin lenses in contact
  • 9.13 Refraction through a Prism
  • 9.14 Angle of Minimum Deviation and its Relation with Refractive Index
  • 9.15 Dispersion by Prism
  • 9.16 Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight : The Rainbow
  • 9.17 Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight : Scattering of Light
  • 9.18 Functioning of Lens in Human Being
  • 9.19 Vision Problems and their remedies
  • 9.20 Simple Microscope
  • 9.21 Compound Microscope
  • 9.22 Refracting Telescope
  • 9.23 Reflecting Telescope
10 Wave Optics
  • 10.01 Wave Optics: Introduction and Historical Background
  • 10.02 The Concept of Wavefront
  • 10.03 Huygens Principle
  • 10.04 Refraction of Plane Wave using Huygens Principle
  • 10.05 Reflection of Plane Wave using Huygens Principle
  • 10.06 The Doppler Effect
  • 10.07 Red shift, Blue shift and Doppler Shift
  • 10.08 Coherent and Incoherent Source
  • 10.09 Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves: Constructive Interference
  • 10.10 Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves: Destructive Interference
  • 10.11 Conditions for Constructive and Destructive interference
  • 10.12 Interference of Light waves and Young's Experiment
  • 10.13 Young's Experiment, Positions of Maximum and Minimum Intensities and Fringe Width
  • 10.14 Outcomings of Young's Experiment
  • 10.15 Diffraction of Light
  • 10.16 Diffraction of light due to Single Slit
  • 10.17 Resolving Power of Optical Instruments
  • 10.18 Concept of Polarisation
  • 10.19 Polarisation by scattering and Reflection
11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
  • 11.01 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter: Historical Journey
  • 11.02 Electron Emission
  • 11.03 Photoelectric Effect: Concept and Experimental Discoveries
  • 11.04 Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
  • 11.05 Effect of Potential Difference on Photoelectric Current
  • 11.06 Effect of Frequency of Incident Radiation on Stopping Potential
  • 11.07 Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
  • 11.08 Einstein's Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
  • 11.09 Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
  • 11.10 Wave Nature of Matter - I
  • 11.11 Wave Nature of Matter - II
  • 11.12 Davisson and Germer Experiment
12 Atoms
  • 12.01 Thomson's Model of Atom
  • 12.02 Alpha-Particle Scattering and Rutherford's Nuclear Model of Atom
  • 12.03 ⍺-Particle Trajectory and Electron Orbits
  • 12.04 Atomic Spectra
  • 12.05 Drawbacks of Rutherford's Nuclear Model of Atom
  • 12.06 Postulates of Bohr's Model of Hydrogen Atom
  • 12.07 Bohr's Radius and Total Energy of an electron in Bohr's Model of Hydrogen Atom
  • 12.08 Energy Levels
  • 12.09 Rydberg Constant and the line Spectra of Hydrogen Atom
  • 12.10 De Broglie's Explanation of Bohr's Second Postulate of Quantisation and Limitations of Bohr's Atomic Model
13 Nuclei
  • 13.01 Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
  • 13.02 Discovery of Neutrons
  • 13.03 Size of Nucleus
  • 13.04 Mass-Energy Equivalence and Concept of Binding Energy
  • 13.05 Binding Energy per Nucleon
  • 13.06 Nuclear Forces
  • 13.07 Concept of Radioactivity and Law of Radioactive Decay
  • 13.08 Half-life and Mean-life
  • 13.09 Radioactive Decay : ⍺-decay, β-decay and -decay
  • 13.10 Nuclear Fission
  • 13.11 Chain Reaction
  • 13.12 Nuclear Reactor
  • 13.13 Nuclear Fusion
  • 13.14 Stellar Energy
14 Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
  • 14.01 Semiconductors Electronics: Introduction
  • 14.02 Band Theory of Solids
  • 14.03 Intrinsic Semiconductor
  • 14.04 Extrinsic Semiconductor
  • 14.05 Energy Band structure of Extrinsic Semiconductors
  • 14.06 p-n Junction
  • 14.07 Semiconductor Diode in Forward Bias
  • 14.08 Semiconductor Diode in Reverse Bias
  • 14.09 Application of Junction Diode - Half Wave Rectifier
  • 14.10 Application of Junction Diode - Full Wave Rectifier
  • 14.11 Zener Diode
  • 14.12 Optoelectronic Junction Devices: Photodiode and Solar Cell
  • 14.13 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
  • 14.14 Concept and Structure of Bipolar Junction Transistor
  • 14.15 Operation of Transistor
  • 14.16 Common Emitter Transistor Characteristics
  • 14.17 Transistor As a Switch
  • 14.18 Transistor as an Amplifier: Principle
  • 14.19 Transistor as an Amplifier - Common Emitter Configuration
  • 14.20 Transistor as an Oscillator
  • 14.21 First Step Towards Digital Electronics
  • 14.22 Logic Gates
  • 14.23 Integrated Circuits
15 Communication System
  • 15.01 Communication System
  • 15.02 Basic Terminology Used In Electronic Communication system
  • 15.03 Bandwidth of Signal and Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
  • 15.04 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
  • 15.05 Need of Modulation
  • 15.06 Types of Modulation and Concept of Amplitude Modulation
  • 15.07 Production and Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave
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