NCERT Syllabus For CBSE Class 8 Science

1. Food
   1. Crop Production
      • Questions: Crop production: How are different food crops produced? What are the various foods we get from animal sources?
      • Key Concepts: Crop production: Soil preparation, selection of seeds, sowing, applying fertilizers, irrigation, weeding, harvesting and storage; nitrogen fixation, nitrogen cycle.
      • Resources:Interaction and discussion with local men and women farmers about farming and farm practices; visit to cold storage, go- downs; visit to any farm/ nursery/ garden.
      • Activities/Processes: Preparing herbarium specimens of some crop plants; collection of some seeds etc; preparing a table/chart on different irrigation practices and sources of water in different parts of India;looking at roots of any legume crop for nodules,
        hand section of nodules.
   2. Microorganisms
      • Questions: What living organisms do we see under a microscope in a drop of water? What helps make curd? How does food go bad? How do wepreserve food?
      • Key Concepts: Micro organisms – useful and harmful.
      • Resources: Microscope, kit materials; information about techniques of food preservation.
      • Activities/Processes: Making a lens with a bulb; Observation of drop of water, curd, other sources, bread mould, orange mould under the microscope; experiment showing fermentation of dough – increase in volume (using yeast) – collect gas in balloon, test in lime water.







2. Materials
   1. Materials in daily life
      • Questions: Are some of our clothes synthetic? How are they made? Where do the raw materials come from? Do we use other materials that are synthetic? Do we use cloth (fabric) for purposes other than making clothes to wear? What kind of fabric do we see around us? What are they used for?
      • Key Concepts: Synthetic clothing materials. Other synthetic materials, especially plastics; usefulness of plastics and problems associated with their excessive use. There are a variety of fibrous materials in use. A material is chosen based on desired property
      • Resources: Sharing of prior knowledge, source materials on petroleum products. Collection of material from neighbourhood or should be part of the kit
      • Activities/ Processes: Survey on use of synthetic materials. Discussion. Testing various materials – for action of water, reaction on heating, effect of flame, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, tensile strength.
   2. Different kinds of materials and their reactions
      • Questions: Can a wire be drawn out of wood? Do copper or aluminium also rust like iron? What is the black material inside a pencil? Why are electrical wires made of aluminium or copper?
      • Key Concepts: Metals and non-metals
      • Resources: Kit items.
      • Activities/ Processes: Simple observations relating to physical properties of metals and non-metals, displacement reactions, experiments involving reactions with acids and bases. Introduction of word equations.
   3. How things change/react with one another
      • Questions: What happens to the wax when a candle is burnt? Is it possible to get this wax back? What happens to kerosene/natural gas when it is burnt? Which fuel is the best? Why?
      • Key Concepts: Combustion, flame All fuels release heat on burning. Fuels differ in efficiency, cost etc. Natural resources are limited. Burning of fuels leads to harmful by products
      • Resources: “The Chemical History of a Candle”, by M. Faraday, 1860. Collecting information from home and other sources.
      • Activities/ Processes: Experiments with candles. Collecting information. Discussions involving whole class.
3. The World of the Living
   1. Why conserve
      • Questions: What are reserve forests/ sanctuaries etc? How do we keep track of our plants and animals? How do we know that some species are in danger of disappearing? What would happen if you continuously cut trees?
      • Key Concepts: Conservation of biodiversity/wild life/ plants; zoos, sanctuaries, forest reserves etc. flora, fauna endangered species, red data book; endemic species, migration
      • Resources: Films on wild life, TV programmes, visit to zoo/ forest area/sanctuaries etc.; case study with information on disappearing tigers; data on endemic and endangered species from MEF, Govt. of India, NGOs
      • Activities/Processes: Discussion on whether we find as many diverse plants/ animals in
        a ‘well kept area’ like a park or cultivated land, as compared to any area left alone. Discussion on depletion of wild life, why it happens, on poaching, economics.
   2. The cell
      • Questions: What is the internal structure of a plant – what will we see if we look under the microscope? Which cells from our bodies can be easily seen? Are all cells similar?
      • Key Concepts: Cell structure, plant and animal cells, use of stain to observe, cell organelles – nucleus, vacuole, chloroplast, cell membrane, cell wall.
      • Resources: Microscope, onion peels, epidermal peels of any leaves, petals etc, buccal cavity cells, Spirogyra; permanent slides of animal cells.
      • Activities/Processes: Use of a microscope, preparation of a slide, observation of onion peel and cheek cells, other cells from plants e.g. Hydrilla leaf, permanent slides showing different cells, tissues, blood smear; observation of T.S. stem to see tissues; observing diverse types of cells from plants and animals (some permanent slides).
   3. How babies are formed
      • Questions: How do babies develop inside the mother? Why does our body change when we reach our teens? How is the sex of the child determined? Who looks after the babies in your homes? Do all animals give birth to young ones?
      • Key Concepts: Sexual reproduction and endocrine system in animals, secondary sexual characters, reproductive health; internal and external fertilisation.
      • Resources: Counsellors, films, lectures.
      • Activities/Processes: Discussion with counsellors on secondary sexual characters, on how sex of the child is determined, safe sex, reproductive health; observation on eggs, young ones, life cycles. Discussion on Gender issues and social taboo’s.







4. Moving things,People and Ideas
   1. Idea of force
      • Questions: What happens when we push or pull anything? How can we change the speed, direction of a moving object? How can we shape the shape of an object?
      • Key Concepts: Idea of force-push or pull; change in speed, direction of moving objects and shape of objects by applying force; contact and non-contact forces.
      • Resources: Daily-life experience, kit items.
      • Activities/Processes: Observing and analysing the relation between force and motion in a variety of daily-life situations. Demonstrating change in speed of a moving object, its direction of motion and shape by applying force. Measuring the weight of an object, as a force (pull) by the earth using a spring balance.
   2. Friction
      • Questions:What makes a ball rolling on the ground slow down?
      • Key Concepts: Friction – factors affecting friction, sliding and rolling friction, moving; advantages and disadvantages of friction for the movement of automobiles, airplanes and boats/ships; increasing and reducing friction.
      • Resources: Various rough and smooth surfaces, ball bearings.
      • Activities/Processes: Demonstrating friction between rough/smooth surfaces of moving objects in contact, an wear and tear of moving objects by rubbing (eraser on paper, card board, sand paper). Activities on static, sliding and rolling friction. Studying ball bearings. Discussion on other methods of reducing friction and ways of increasing friction.
   3. Pressure
      • Questions: Why are needles made pointed? Why does a balloon burst if too much air is blown into it? Why does an inverted glass/ bottle/pitcher resist being pushed down into water? How can air/liquids exert pressure?
      • Key Concepts: Idea of pressure; pressure exerted by air/liquid; atmospheric pressure.
      • Resources: Daily-life experiences; Experimentationimprovised manometer and improvised pressure detector.
      • Activities/Processes: Observing the dependence of pressure exerted by a force on surface area of an object. Demonstrating that air exerts pressure in a variety of situations. Demonstrating that liquids exert pressure. Designing an improvised manometer and measuring pressure exerted by liquids. Designing improvised pressure detector and demonstrating increase in pressure exerted by a liquid at greater depths.
   4. Sound
      • Questions: How do we communicate through sound? How is sound produced? What characterises different sounds?
      • Key Concepts: Various types of sound; sources of sound; vibration as a cause of sound; frequency; medium for propagation of sound; idea of noise as unpleasant and unwanted sound and need to minimise noise.
      • Resources: Daily-life experiences; kit items; musical instruments
      • Activities/Processes: Demonstrating and distinguishing different types (loud and feeble, pleasant/ musical and unpleasant / noise, audible and inaudible) of sound. Producing different types of sounds. using the same source. Making a ‘Jal Tarang’. Demonstrating that vibration is the cause of sound. Designing a toy telephone. Identifying various sources of noise.
        (unpleasant and unwanted sound) in the locality and thinking of measures to minimise noise and its hazards (noise-pollution).
5. How Things Work
   1. Electric current and circuits
      • Questions: Why do we get a shock when we touch an electric appliance with wet hands?
        What happens to a conducting solution when electric current flows through it? How can we coat an object with a layer of metal?
      • Key Concepts: Water conducts electricity depending on presence/ absence of salt in it. Other liquids may or may not conduct electricity. Chemical effects of current. Basic idea of electroplating.
      • Resources: Rubber cap, pins, water, bulb or LED, cells, various liquids. Carbon rods, beaker, water, bulb, battery. Improvised electrolytical cell, CuSO₄
      • Activities/Processes: Activity to study whether current flows through various liquid samples (tap water, salt solution, lemon juice, kerosene, distilled water if available). Emission of gases from salt solution. Deposition of Cu from copper sulphate solution. Electric pen using KI and starch solution. Simple experiment to show electroplating.
6. Natural Phenomena
   1. Rain, thunder and lightning
      • Questions: What is lightning? What safety measures should we take against lightning strikes?
      • Key Concepts: Clouds carry electric charge. Positive and negative charges, attraction and repulsion. Principle of lightning conductor.
      • Resources: Articles on clouds and lightning; kit items.
      • Activities/Processes: Discussion on sparks. Experiments with comb and paper to show positive and negative charge. Discussion on lightning conductor
   2. Light
      • Questions:What are the differences between the images formed on a new utensil and an old one? Why is there this difference? When you see your image in the mirror it appears as if the left is on the right – why? Why don’t we see images on all surfaces around us? What makes things visible? How do we see images of our back in a mirror? Why do we sometimes see colours on oil films on water? What is inside our eye that enables us to see? Why are some people unable to see?
      • Key Concepts: Laws of reflection. Characteristics of image formed with a plane mirror. Regular and diffused reflection. Reflection of light from an object to the eye. Multiple reflection. Dispersion of light. Structure of the eye. Lens becomes opaque, light not reaching the eye. Visually challenged use other senses to make sense of the world around. Alternative technology available. Role of nutrition in relation to blindness
      • Resources: Mirror, source of light, ray source (mirror covered with black paper with a thin slit). Plane glass, candle, scale. Experience. Mirrors and objects to be seen. Plane mirror, water. Model or chart of the human eye. Experiences of children; case histories. Samples of Braille sheets.
      • Activities/Processes: Exploring laws of reflection using ray source and another mirror. Locating the reflected image using glass sheet and candles. Discussion with various examples. Activity of observing an object through an object through a straight and bent tube; and discussion. Observing multiple images formed by mirrors placed at angles to each other. Making a kaleidoscope. Observing spectrum obtained on a white sheet of paper/wall using a plane mirror inclined on a water surface at an angle of 45°. Observing reaction of pupil to a shining torch. Demonstration of blind spot. Description of case histories of visually challenged people who have been doing well in their studies and careers. Activities with Braille sheet.
   3. Night sky
      • Questions: What do we see in the sky at night? How can we identify stars and planets?
      • Key Concepts: Idea about heavenly bodies/celestial objects and their classification –
        moon, planets, stars, constellations. Motion of celestial objects in space; the solar system
      • Resources: Observation of motion of objects in the sky during the day and at night; models, charts, role-play and games, planetarium.
      • Activities/Processes: Observing and identifying the objects moving in the sky during the day and at night. Observing and identifying some prominent stars and constellations. Observing and identifying some prominent planets, visible to the naked eye, (Venus, Mars, Jupiter ) in the night sky and their movement. Design and preparing models and charts of the solar system, constellations, etc. Roleplay and games for understanding movement of planets, stars etc.
   4. Earthquakes
      • Questions: What happens during an earthquake? What can we do to minimise its effects?
      • Key Concepts: Phenomena related to earthquakes.
      • Resources: Earthquake data; visit to seismographic centre.
      • Activities/Processes: Looking at structures/ large objects and guessing what will happen to them in the event of an earthquake; activities to explore stable and unstable structures.







7. Natural Resources
   1. Man’s intervention in phenomena of nature
      • Questions: What do we do with wood? What if we had no wood? What will happen it we go on cutting trees/grass without limit? What do we do with coal and petroleum? Can we create coal and petroleum artificially?
      • Key Concepts: Consequences of deforestation: scarcity of products for humans and other living beings, change in physical properties of soil, reduced rainfall. Reforestation; recycling of paper. Formation of coal and petroleum in nature. (fossil fuels?). Consequences of over extraction of coal and petroleum.
      • Resources: Data and narratives on deforestation and on movements to protect forests. Background materials, charts etc.
      • Activities/Processes: Narration and discussions. Project- Recycling of paper. Discussion.
   2. Pollution of air and water
      • Questions: What are the various activities by human beings that make air impure? Does clear, transparent water indicate purity?
      • Key Concepts: Water and air are increasingly getting polluted and therefore become scarce for use Biological and chemical contamination of water; effect of impure water on soil and living beings; effect of soil containing excess of fertilisers and insecticides on water resources. Potable water.
      • Resources: Description of some specific examples of extremely polluted rivers.
      • Activities/Processes: Case study and discussion. Purification of water by physical and chemical methods including using sunlight. Discussion on other methods of water purification.

Source and Credits: Syllabus is taken from NCERT website. LearnFatafat is not responsible for any changes in the syllabus. Students are requested to refer ncert.nic.in in case of any changes.