Importance of Manufacturing
- The process with which raw material is converted to more Valuable Products is called as Manufacturing.
- e.g. we use wood to manufacture paper, sugarcane for sugar, iron ore for iron and steel.
- Manufacturing activities fall in secondary sector of Indian economy. Development in secondary sector indicate economic strength of the country.
Importance:
- Agricultural Modernisation: Manufacturing Industries provide tools and machinery for agriculture and hence help in Modernisation of the Agriculture. Now agriculture need few people hence more people can get job in secondary sector.
- Removing Unemployment, Poverty and Regional Disparity: Construction of public sector industries and joint industries are aimed to remove unemployment and poverty from the country. Establishment of industries in tribal and backward areas is to bring down the regional disparities.
- Increase Trade and Commerce : By export of finished goods increases trade and commerce with which foreign money can be earned.
- Increase Nation’s Prosperity: Countries those can transform raw material into finished goods have higher value and are prospered.
Interdependency of Agriculture and Manufacturing Industries.
- Agriculture and Manufacturing sectors are supportive to each other. Agriculture provide raw material for industries such as cotton, oil seeds, Sugarcane. Industries provide agriculture needed products such as water pumps, PVC pipes, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, for better agricultural production. Hence development of industries also help in development of agriculture.
Industries are classified as,
- First- On the basis of source of Raw Material: industries these are again classified as Agro based and Mineral based industries
- Second- On the basis of industries main role: industries these are again classified as Basic or key industries and Consumer Industries
- Third – On the basis of Capital Investment: industries which are classified as Small scale industries and large scale industries
- 4th- On the basis of ownership: industries these are classified as public sector, private sector, joint sector and cooperative sector industries.
- 5th- On the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods industries these are classified as heavy industries and light industries.
On the basis of Raw material:
- Agro Based: If the raw material is obtained from agriculture then it is Agro based industry e.g. cotton, wool, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, Edible Oil.
- Mineral Based: If the raw material is obtained from mineral then it is mineral based industry. e.g. iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemical etc.
On the basis of Main Role:
- Basic or Key Industries: those which supply their product as raw material for other industries. e.g. iron and steel, and Copper Smelting, aluminium smelting.
- Consumer Industries: those that produce goods for the use of consumers e.g. sugar, toothpaste, paper, Sewing Machine, fans etc.
On the basis of Capital Investment:
- Small Scale Industries: If the capital investment on assets is less than rupees one crore then it is small scale industries.
- Large Scale Industries: If the capital investment on assets is more than rupees one crore then it is large scale industries.
On the basis of Ownership:
- Public Sector Industries: Industries owned and operated by government agencies then these comes in Public Sector. e.g. BHEL, SAIL, etc.
- Private Sector Industries: Industries owned and operated by individual or group of individuals then these comes in private Sector. e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Limited.
- Joint Sector Industries: Industries that are jointly owned and operated by government agencies and individuals comes in Joint sector. e.g. Oil India Limited
- Cooperative Sector Industries: Industries that are owned by producers or suppliers or workers they cooperatively work and share the profit. e.g. Sugar Industry in Maharashtra, the Coir Industry in Kerala
On the basis of Bulk and Weight of Raw Material and Products:
- Heavy Industries: Industries that need heavy raw material and produced goods also heavy comes in Heavy Industries. e.g. iron and steel
- Light Industries: Industries that need light raw materials and finished products are also light comes in Light Industries. e.g. electrical industries
Refer video to learn different types of Industries
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation – Industries are necessary for countries economic growth and development but these are also responsible for environmental pollution primarily air, water, land and noise pollution.
- Air Pollution:
- Gases removed from industries and also emitting through pipeline leaks consists of undesirable gases and products such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, dust, sprays mist, smoke and toxic gases causes air pollution.
- Smoke is emitted primarily by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and, burning fossil fuels.
- Air pollution affect human health, animals, plants, buildings, and the whole atmosphere.
- Water Pollution:
- Organic and Inorganic waste from industries get mixed into fresh water and lowers its quality, which causes water pollution.
- These wastes mainly come from industries such as paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries.
- Various water polluting products are dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers and synthetic chemicals including plastic, carbon and rubber. Some other solid wastes are fly ash, phosphogypsum, iron and steel slags.
- Many times rainwater carry wastes from soil to underground water and pollute it.
- Thermal Pollution:
- Hot water from factories and thermal plants get mixed in river or pond water due to which aquatic life suffers such type of pollution is called as thermal pollution.
- Waste released from nuclear power plants and weapon production can cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.
- Soil Pollution:
- Dumping wastes such as glass, harmful chemicals, packaging, salts and garbage causes soil pollution.
- Soil pollution signifies reduction in quality of soil such that it becomes unproductive.
- Noise Pollution:
- Unwanted sound is called noise. It can cause irritation, anger, hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure and other physiological effects.
- Its sources are mainly industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipments, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills.
Control of Water Pollution:
- Reuse and Recycle: The external need of water can be minimised by properly recycling and reusing the same water.
- Water Harvesting: Rainwater can be stored so as to meet water needs.
- Waste Treatment: Before releasing the Hot and Hazardous Water from industries into rivers waste treatment is necessary.
- Primary Treatment: Water is allowed to settle in large tank so that solid waste would settle in the bottom and Gases Float on the Top.
- Secondary Treatment: Microorganisms added into the waste water. Microorganisms use organic wastes as their food and eliminate these from water.
- Tertiary Treatment: In tertiary treatment other harmful elements such as Inorganic Chemicals, harmful living organisms are removed so as to improve the quality of water. This water can be reused during the process.
- Regulation on Use of Groundwater: Groundwater resources need to be regulated legally so as to limit its use and sustain it for longer time.
Control of Air Pollution:
- Filtering Particulate Matter: Using electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators can be fitted to smokestacks of factories to prevent particulate matter mixing in air.
- Use of Less smoke producing fuels: Instead of coal if we use oil or gas in factories then it will produce very much less smoke and therefore help in preventing air pollution.
Control of Noise Pollution:
- Machine improvements are necessary so as to reduce noise and increase efficiency.
- Oiling and Greasing the existing machines will also help in noise reduction.
- Use of noise absorbing material or using earplugs or earphones will also helps in noise reduction.
Today there is a need of Sustainable Development. Economic development must make consideration of environmental concerns.