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• Habitat – Surrounding in which organisms live
• Biotic component – Living organisms in a habitat
• Abiotic component – Non living factors in habitat like sunlight, air, water
• Adaptation – Habit in which an organism live in a habitat.
• Terrestrial habitat – [ deserts, mountains, forests and grasslands.]
  • Deserts – Green stem are capable of photosynthesis, leaves are absent or present in form of spines, which reduces loss of water. Waxy layer on plants prevent water loss from the tissues. Animals like camel have long legs which keep body away from heat. Thick fur on the body prevents from cold nights, hump present stores food in the form of fat. Rats and snakes stays in the borrows deep inside the ground to protect themselves from higher temperature
  • Mountains – Mountains are above sea level, with higher altitude temperature decreases, therefore climate is cool. To adapt to such a situation, the branches are sloping from the stem and the leaves are narrow like a needle, animals have thick skin or have thick layer of fur on their body which protect them from cold.The mountain goat can run on rocky slopes of the mountain with its strong hooves.
  • Forest and grasslands – large number of animals and plants live in this habitat. Animal such as lion obtain the food by hunting other animals like dear. As an adaptation, brown color lion hides in grass to look for hunt in other animals. They have eyes at front of the face to get correct location of its prey. Sharp claws and teeths helps them to catch their prey. Male lion have mane which protect their neck. Deers on the other hand, have eyes on side of their face. They have long ears to hear movements around. With which they can identify the danger easily.
• Aquatic habitat – [ oceans, landwater ]
  • Oceans – Animals have gills or similar structure to breathe in water . animals like dolphins, whales donot have gills, the have nostrils with the help of it the take oxygen from the surface of the water and then go back to the sea. Fishes have flat fins, scales and tail , which help them for swimming, and movement in water. Octopus squid make their body streamlined while moving in the sea. Plant have ability to to prepare food from photosynthesis by taking dissolved carbon dioxide in water
  • Land water – land water exist in lakes, ponds, etc. here sunlight can be reached to the depth of the sea, some plants are are found in the bottom of the water body while some remains floating on the body, Roots help the plant to obtain water, minerals, and nutrients but more than that they perform an important function of holding the plant at a place. Generally, the size of roots is small. The upper parts are supported with long, tubelike stem. Leaves have large air spaces and waxy layer at the bottom which helps plants to float on the water bodies. Animals like frog ducks, have webbed toes which help them for swimming.
• Characteristics of living things
  • Growth – Living organisms have ability to grow. E.g. seed germinate to form plants which further grows into trees bearing flowers and fruits. Baby grows into big human being
  • Respiration – a process of obtaining oxygen, using it for energy production in the body, and removing carbon dioxide outside the body. All living organisms undergo respiration. E.g. fishes take oxygen by gills. Single cell organisms take oxygen by diffusion.
  • Food – Living organisms require food for growth, energy and maintenance.
  • Excretion – During living process, waste material is generated in the body which is removed from the living body by the process of excretion
  • Reproduction – Giving birth to an organism of same kind is reproduction. E.g human give birth to human child
  • Movement – all living organisms perform movement. Humans and animals move from one place to another. Plant also move as their roots grow towards water and shoots grows towards light.
  • Responsiveness to stimuli – Any thing, or event that produce a certain fixed response in living things is called a stimuli. If we touch the touch me not plant then it closes its leaves.
  • Life span and life stages – each and every living organism have different life span and life stage. After which life comes to an end. E.g. a baby grows to an adult then to old.
  • Cell structure – Small structural and functional unit is called cell structure. Some organisms are unicellular some are multicellular.